Community health services Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Community health services - Assignment Example Top of this list are the aged in the society who form the majority of residents at the home. These can be admitted for either short term or long term stay depending on their individual conditions. Another group of individuals accommodated at the center are the elderly who require memory care such as those suffering from Alzheimer’s. The main goal of this facility is to ensure that the aged in the society live a quality life. Presently, the residents come from a range of cultural backgrounds but the majority is white males. Patients have to book in advance before they are admitted. The facility is well equipped with trained medical personnel who are on call on a 24 hour basis to cater for the needs of the clients and ensure they get the care that they need throughout the day and night. Payment in this facility is by the use of personal cheques while payment through insurance agencies can be arranged. In case of any emergencies, the facility has working relationships with nearby hospitals and patients can be transferred at no extra cost although it operates as a stand-alone facility. This facility caters for war veterans. These are individuals who served in the military, air service or the naval forces. These people have the right to access these services as long as they were not discharged dishonorably from the force. As such, this clinic comprises of patient s from a wide range of cultural background. The members of the National Guard are also eligible to access these health services. All the patients are screened before admission at the clinic. The facility provides care that is personalized to their specific needs. Attached to this center is a list of physicians, nurses and dentists who ensure that the patients get the best possible care while they are at this center, ranging from dental to therapeutic services.The facility is closely connected to other veteran care centers around the country. In this facility payment is by both Medicare and

Academic writing for accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Academic writing for accounting - Essay Example ty of Accounting discourse, where Chambers is of the view that accounting had not made enough stride and that there were still defects in the various theories that existed at the time (Chambers 1999, p. 241). This paper will examine the main arguments brought out in the 1999 paper by Chambers, and some of the responses by opposing academicians that will be discussed later on in the paper. Accountability was probably one of the biggest concepts that Chambers may have brought to light with the writing of the article that received both praise and criticism in equal measure. In the article, Chambers describes the legal issues that most financial institutions had to face due to their unprofessional nature that resulted in the loss of capital to the tune of millions of dollars. This he describes as professional inadequacy, whereby the people tasked with the right to carry out certain duties, lack the responsibility to do so. This is especially true for Richard Mattessich, who was a strong opponent of the theories brought on by Chambers, especially in Chambers’ 1999 ‘Poverty’. Mattessich describes Chambers as an individual who lacks or fails to find comfort, solace, or even joy in the achievements or strides made by accounting over the last half century (Mattessich 2005, p. 30). Mattessich does not appreciate the fact that the richness of the accounting practice is not identified in Chambers’ article, which is seen to portray the science that is accounting in bad light. He, however, agrees that accountability may have been lacking especially with the scandals that came about that led to the bankruptcy of some of the biggest financial institutions at the time. What he does not agree with is the fact that Chambers claims that the field of accounting is to solely blame for the insolvencies that most institutions face. Another opponent of the theories brought forth by Chambers is Tony Tinker. Tinker believes that the faith placed on economics by Chambers is

Why Did the English Civil War Begin Essay Example for Free

Why Did the English Civil War Begin Essay This essay will discuss a balanced argument on how the English Civil War began and who was responsible for it. The war was between King Charles I and Parliament. The winners in the end were Parliament on the 3rd of September 1651, when Parliament defeated Charles’ army. This will also include the 4 main factors, which were Power; Money; Religion and also King Charles’ personality. To begin with, some people believe that the worst reason why the Civil War started because of religion. Charles’ reign got off to a bad start, so he decided to marry a French princess catholic called, Henrietta Maria. This was very unpopular with Parliament. The Scots hated the new prayer book and decided to go to rebel against Charles. In the 1630s, King Charles I and Archbishop Laud made some changes to the Church of England. They claimed they tried to make it better, and believed that people would feel closer to God if churches were beautiful and decorated. But they were wrong. The idea made a lot of people annoyed with Charles, especially the Puritans. Henrietta Maria actually had her own chapel and priest, so maybe King Charles I was Catholic. Charles was responsible for it and King Charles was to blame for the cause of the war because of how he tried to change the Church of England. Secondly, it could be said that Money was a problem for Charles. We know that this was true because Charles had left Parliament and went out by himself, so he had to find a new way of raising money. Charles started wars often and practically lost all of them and this was costing him money. However, he did find a new way of getting money by having a thing called ‘Ship Money’. The money was used to improve the navy ships, but only counties on the coast would pay the ‘Ship Money’. King Charles I in 1634 asked the counties on the coast for the money; however the navy didn’t really need improving! In 1635, the following year, Ship Money needed to be demanded from the inland counties as well. It looked like Charles was going to make it permanent, which means it would have to be paid every year. Another way of finding out if tax was popular is that you know if people pay it or not. This then made Parliament very angry and I think Charles was convinced people weren’t paying, therefore he began the Civil War and he was responsible. Thirdly, it is true to say that Charles’ power was a long-term problem. In 1642, Charles attempted to arrest 5 MP’s, which makes the House of Commons very angry. The MP’s never trusted Charles and though the he planned to get rid of Parliament again after 2 years coming back with Parliament, which would mean he would rule by himself once again. In the early months of 1642, Charles most definitely convinced the MPs that this was what he was certainly planning. Charles charged into the House of Commons with 400 of his soldiers and demanded that five leading MPs were to be handed over for arrest. Luckily, the MPs had been warned and already fled to their boat down by the River Thames. They were then protected by the Council of London and treated like big heroes. Lastly, Charles’ personality wasn’t good. Charless personality as a politician was shaped by a difficult childhood. He was born on 19 November 1600, the third child of James VI of Scotland and his wife Anne of Denmark. During his early years he suffered from a combination of poor health and lack of parental affection. When he moved to England after Jamess accession in 1603 it was difficult to find a noble family to look after him because of fears that he might die on their hands; and he grew up very much in the shadow of his glamorous elder brother Prince Henry and his sister Elizabeth. People didn’t like Charles’ personality and therefore made him start the English Civil War. Finally, and in conclusion, it is my view that Charles was responsible for the English Civil War because of his actions towards Parliament. The reasons were because of his power he had, money issues, that he left Parliament then came back and that religion was an issue for his country.

Internationalization In The Hospitality Industry

Internationalization In The Hospitality Industry Introduction to the Hospitality Industry The hospitality industry composed with service oriented industries which included industries in vast range of fields like Tourism, Hotels, Restaurants, Lodges, Leisure Parks, Transports, Medical Hospitals Services, Advisory Services, etc.. It consists with low profitability an industry to Highest Profitability industries which are broadly distributed among the world and also this profitability is greatly fluctuates than manufacturing industries due to the several reasons. These each and every Hospitality firm consists of several working groups such as Front Office, Back Office, Maintenance Unit; Operations Unit, Human Resources, Marketing, Promotion and Advertising, etc (David, and Chon, 2006). Depend on the type of service they offer, this hospitality industries covers a broad range of organizations. They can further divided into sub categories depend on the Skills and qualifications their workers have to cater their customers with the set of services they have. E.g; Cooking, Nursing, Entertaining, Advising, etc They are in position to cater the needs of customers better than the competition is more likely able to sustain competitive advantage over time. Catering to customer needs is dominant to delivering desirable levels of customer satisfaction in the tourism industry. The formula for executing this task is particularly fragile in tourism because of the heterogeneous and simultaneous nature of service production and consumption. Tourism experiences are rarely, if ever, delivered without in-depth employee-customer interactions. Thus, tourism experiences are people-intensive on both sides of the service fence. Additionally, tourists tend to have higher expectations for hospitality and overall levels of service quality because their context is typically more emotionally charged. An empowered workforce is a secret to success in these unique area employees who are inspired and enabled to make meaningful and suitable decisions close to customers in order to take care of important customer needs Internationalization is described as the expanding of activities and resources among the other countries of the world, beyond domestic level. However, in the internationalization the firm should be more effective and efficient enough to cater the customers in the world over domestic level. Although starts at that level, when a firm becomes a larger, they can generates more profit and thus with their efficiency, they can reached far and wide variety of consumers while making the market more attractive. It leads to broaden the market continuous way in the world (David, and Chon, 2006). Strategies of internationalization in hospitality industry There are several strategies of internationalization to gain more customer satisfaction n with effectively and efficiently. The development of computer technology, communication technology, and new means of transportation all leads to develop the internationalization. Today, internationalization has turn into one of the major concern of firms As barriers to international trade fall down in most of the parts of the world, managers happen to attentive in new trends in an fluctuating global environment (Macleod, 2004). For example, the Euro currency is ahead a chief position within the European market and it forced to the Eastern European markets to develop rapidly to face this competition, it effects to the Asian markets too. They are opening to the world. International firms change their strategies from one geographical region to another, to sustain in the competitive business environment. Eg: One of express delivery service in the world, Federal Express (FedEx) dominates the market in the American Region, but in the other markets like European Region, FedEx was not successful. That market dominated by DHL. Hotel franchising agreements is a legal document in which a franchiser offers an approved opportunity to a franchisee to carry out their business. This is permission to franchisee use brand name, reservation systems, products, operating systems. Franchising strategy is used by Hilton International as a part of its international strategy decision (Shepherd, and Cooper, 1997). Management contracts means in which management is separated from their ownership, where a company can contract its overseas operation of management to a management team in revisit for a payment For an example: Sodehxo is one of the companies which use management contract in the industry. Strategic alliances means in which a bond or a partnership or a connection forms between two or more companies that can support from larger market exposure, economies of scope or range enlarged visibility for the brand name . The best example is the strategic alliance between Nortel and Microsoft Company. Joint venture means in which the international firm provides a partial equity venture to home businesses to protect their promise to the agreement. Accor is actively involved in joint ventures in different Asian markets such as Malaysia and Vietnam Call Center Service Recovery means Telephone based customer service is the largest customer services channel in both North America, and Europe (The Editors 2007). Call centers customer service volume is higher than electronic mail support service. Despite this lack of acknowledgement from call centers, there is a gap between the service provided and customer expectations. The Green strategy means industry perceptions and perspectives as a new market -driven business focus for gaining competitive advantages. All businesses no matter how benign or smart their operations are create some level of environmental harm. These impacts can be minimized or controlled by a adopting a well-articulated firm-level green strategy. This require to green should not just be to address companywide environmental challenge but also a proactive strategy to stay on the right side of the regulation and for profitability (Kotler, Bowen, and Makens, 2003). Issues and impacts of internationalization on hospitality industry Issues and impacts bring together the latest developments in international hospitality operations with the current management principles. It provides a truly international viewpoint on the hospitality and tourism industries and provides a fresh insight into hospitality and tourism management. Internationalization is a major trend for todays organizations. The services sector is also unquestionably becoming increasingly international in scope. A rapid Internationalization of world economy during the 1990s has increased the opportunities to export services and services are now the fastest growing part of international trade. Speed up by their aspiration for growth and profit, host governments provide incentives, and invest throughout the world. Hospitality organizations have revealed that their survival and growth in the future depend on extending of their services around the world (Hearns, Baum, and Devine, 2009). The global hospitality industry is therefore one of major part of international business. Those companies therefore have to look up the inferences of the global framework in which they operate and always need to prepare for the changes of this highly fluctuating environment. The Internationalization of industry and its way is characterized by communicating over vast distances in foreign languages, normally travel to overseas countries, trading in many currencies, and coping with social systems, series of political and, cultures and customs. And regulatory environments, the aspects of Internationalization of are very easy to identify, considerate the basic current and future trends and market can be analysis and reveals a number of issues are reshaping the Internationalization hospitality industry, though there are very clearly some multifaceted questions that are still to be resolved (Mason, 2008). International spreading out with general product and brand position; Organizational structures that tolerate delivery of services with local operational control; Cross-border employee training to support operations; and Use of the world capital markets as sources of funding. The Positive Impacts of Internationalization on the hospitality industry; Exposure to different cultures: Due to the internationalization of the managers of hospitality industry, they would be able to gain knowledge of different cultures, as they get to fuse with people from different walks of life and thus, enhance their awareness. Larger Market: Due to internationalization, the customer base has enlarged significantly. Not only for holydays, people travel all over the world for various purposes like business, Pilgrims, Education, health, etc. Thus, this has widened the market of hospitality industry, which gets their major income from these international visitors. Boosts the economy: As visitors come in and spend money it effects to the foreign exchange of the country and it gets increase. Thus it gives huge boost to the economy as internationalization leads to pump money into the country. Technology Development: Since firm needs to attract more tourists as possible, hospitality organizations always need to improve and develop their products and services. Example: Fly Kingfisher, use innovative and newer technologies in hotels to satisfy their customer needs. Allow to creativity: Firms are continuously thinking of new and innovative ideas to draw more customers. More Jobs: Due to internationalization, more visitors come into the country and thus more people will be required to serve their needs. Therefore, with the internationalization, there are lots of more jobs opportunities for people within the areas which hospitality industries are located. Variety of International Services: Since there are lot of diverse visitors from various cultures, cuisines, traditions, and languages, hospitality industry should include cuisines and various other services to cater them. These services also will be available to the locals, which makes more satisfied local customers. Boosts the Travel Industry: Due to internationalization more people travel around the countries. To facilitate this, the tours and travels industry require to develop as well. People who come into the country by air, ship or land, will use the transport services obtainable as well. The negative impacts of internationalization on the hospitality industry; Language Barriers: Due to internationalization, the hospitality Industry can make use of people from different type of countries as they are usually cheaper. They may have troubles in communicating with customers. Events/Disasters in the Countries: A disaster or incident taking place in one country may affect to the other country also. For example, the financial crisis makes people to spend less money. It drops down the travelling, Hotel bookings, etc. Due to increase in terrorism activities some visitors are not willing to travel to those places. Cultural Barriers: As there are people from a mixture of cultures, one needs to be watchful not to insult them. For Example, a Muslim not eats pork. Service provider have to make sure not serve food with pork. Whats acceptable by one culture may be reject by another. Seasonal Employment: During climax periods, a lot of jobs are available in some industries, but as soon as the customers return to their countries, the jobs get vanished as well. Example: Goa of India; the people in Goa get their revenue only during the climax season, (Dec- Feb and April July) In other seasons, they have no jobs and no earnings. Growth of the Communication Technology: Due to international barriers, there is a constant growth in the use of communication technology (Internet, Email, etc). This reduces the human involvement. Developing Countries: As technology continuously gets developing, some Countries are unable to keep up with these developments in the technology and they tend to lose out. Example: Though the some African countries have lot of natural resources for the attraction of tourists, they do not have proper infrastructure to cater that large amount of tourists. To maintain that large amount of visitors, they should have to improve infrastructure. Increase in Crimes: When tourist arrival increases, crimes increase too. Example: smuggling, hustling, rape, etc Bad Habits: Tourists come from other countries sometimes may influence to the local youth in a bad manner. Increase of drug consumption and promiscuous behavior, etc (Source: Market of sustainable tourism, [online], Available from: http://towards2015.co.uk [Accessed 12th April 2011]) Integration of the hospitality industry To offer a better customer service and keep loyal client come back todays hospitality industry require integration system. Thereby they can maintain their controls and improve their business. To have a smooth running integration system can aid organizations with a sustainable competitive advantage by improving quality of the service while reducing cost. Superior performance and sustainable product with good quality can help a company to reduce the threat of conflicts/problems with their Suppliers, Staff, Local People, and Government and improve its position as an esteemed partner in destination. That mean, better access to major business resources such as funds, the capability to improve prod ­ucts to meet rising market demand, better dealings with governments, and a motivated and faithful staff. Egg: The computer software is a combination of various modules, which cater to the various aspects of hotel management. It including with hotel staff management, hotel reservation and hotel accounting are taken care of by the different modules in a single software unit. Many software companies have gathered more areas of hotel management into their software. All the operations like bookings, billings, reservations, check-ins, checkouts and etc, are available on screen and can do within few clicks of mouse. Therefore, taken as a whole, efficiency of the hotel staff and the management system is increased. Clients can reserve the rooms and other services through the hotel website directly. There is no room for any third party connection in these events (Kneafsey, 1998). However, there are some advantages in this integration as follows; It helps to reduce the cost of transportation as the general ownership outcome in closer geographic regions. The costs for transactions can be managed if a firm gets hold of the other firms in the vertical chain, so the one division of the company can transfer the goods to the other divisions of the same company. Thereby, transaction costs for transport, negotiations; Monitoring, control etc. will be eliminated. The by and large, average cost of the firm will be reduced, because if the divisions are in under the same management, then there will be internal supply and department heads will decide the transfer price (Macleod, 2004). If a firm purchases half finished goods from an outside firm then the work culture could be different and there are opportunities of dispute concerning terms and conditions of supplying or if the outside supplier make a contract and couldnt supply the goods on time then the firm cannot accomplish its assurance to the third party and the good will of a firm will come to an end. Organizational inferences; if the supplies provider supplying the goods to a firm is big, in terms of sales, size and structure, then it will state the terms and conditions. On the other hand if an internal source is used then there will be no market difference and the supplier cannot oblige any adverse conditions (Haywood, and Maki, 1992) We can split the benefits of integration into short-term or static gains and more long-term dynamic gains. The establishment of the Single market within Europe has led to significant gains for the participating member states. The removal of internal market barriers and the harmonization of national regulations are expected to lead to an increase in trade and reductions in cost. Conclusion Hospitality and tourism industry plays a key role in international competitive business environment. On one hand, it goes for lot of fluctuations due to different types of global factors. Although, it has been sustained over long period of time by facing to those factors, the two main parts of Hospitality and Tourism Industry combined with is Internationalization and integration. They lead to the growth, sustainability and profitability of the Hospitality Industry and their impacts will be directly involved to the evolutionary change of this Industry.

The Usurper in Macbeth :: Macbeth essays

The Usurper in Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   In William Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth there is an ambitious captain who takes the throne of Scotland by force. Let's examine his character in this paper.    Lily B. Campbell in her volume of criticism, Shakespeare's Tragic Heroes: Slaves of Passion, explores the workings of Macbeth's mind as he plots the destruction of Banquo and son :    If the witches have spoken as truly to Banquo as to him, Macbeth sees that he wears a "fruitless crown" and carries a "barren sceptre" in his hand; he has indeed given peace and immortality to make the race of Banquo kings. And he proceeds to his interview with the murderers, plotting what he dare not do openly, for the fear that comes when we are rivals for a thing and cannot both have it makes it seem to Macbeth:    That every minute of his being thrusts Against my near'st of life;    and he will kill his fear by having Banquo and Fleance both put to death.(224)    In Everybody's Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies, Maynard Mack shows how Macbeth complements his wife:    Her fall is instantaneous, even eager, like Eve's in Paradise Lost; his is gradual and reluctant, like Adam's. She needs only her husband's letter about the weyard sisters' prophecy to precipitate her resolve to kill Duncan. Within an instant she is inviting murderous spirits to unsex her, fill her with cruelty, thicken her blood, convert her mother's milk to gall, and darken the world "That my keen knife see not the wound it makes" (1.5.50). Macbeth, in contrast, vacillates. The images of the deed that possess him simultaneously repel him (1.3.130, 1.7.1) When she proposes Duncan's murder, he temporizes: "We will speak further" (1.5.69). (189)    In his book, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, H. S. Wilson tells how the audience is inclined to identify with such a rogue as Macbeth:    That such a man should sacrifice all the wealth of his human spirit - his kindness, his love, his very soul - to become a victim to continual fears, a tyrant ruthlessly murdering in the vain attempt to feel safe, finally to be killed like a foul beast of prey - this is terrible, and pitiful, too. Shakespeare has here achieved for us most poignantly the ambivalence of the tragic effect Aristotle described. We The Usurper in Macbeth :: Macbeth essays The Usurper in Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   In William Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth there is an ambitious captain who takes the throne of Scotland by force. Let's examine his character in this paper.    Lily B. Campbell in her volume of criticism, Shakespeare's Tragic Heroes: Slaves of Passion, explores the workings of Macbeth's mind as he plots the destruction of Banquo and son :    If the witches have spoken as truly to Banquo as to him, Macbeth sees that he wears a "fruitless crown" and carries a "barren sceptre" in his hand; he has indeed given peace and immortality to make the race of Banquo kings. And he proceeds to his interview with the murderers, plotting what he dare not do openly, for the fear that comes when we are rivals for a thing and cannot both have it makes it seem to Macbeth:    That every minute of his being thrusts Against my near'st of life;    and he will kill his fear by having Banquo and Fleance both put to death.(224)    In Everybody's Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies, Maynard Mack shows how Macbeth complements his wife:    Her fall is instantaneous, even eager, like Eve's in Paradise Lost; his is gradual and reluctant, like Adam's. She needs only her husband's letter about the weyard sisters' prophecy to precipitate her resolve to kill Duncan. Within an instant she is inviting murderous spirits to unsex her, fill her with cruelty, thicken her blood, convert her mother's milk to gall, and darken the world "That my keen knife see not the wound it makes" (1.5.50). Macbeth, in contrast, vacillates. The images of the deed that possess him simultaneously repel him (1.3.130, 1.7.1) When she proposes Duncan's murder, he temporizes: "We will speak further" (1.5.69). (189)    In his book, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, H. S. Wilson tells how the audience is inclined to identify with such a rogue as Macbeth:    That such a man should sacrifice all the wealth of his human spirit - his kindness, his love, his very soul - to become a victim to continual fears, a tyrant ruthlessly murdering in the vain attempt to feel safe, finally to be killed like a foul beast of prey - this is terrible, and pitiful, too. Shakespeare has here achieved for us most poignantly the ambivalence of the tragic effect Aristotle described. We

Internet and Politics - Despotic Regimes and Internet Censorship :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Internet is impossible to censor, right? Not if you are a despotic regime throwing all your resources into it. You won't stop everyone and everything, but if the aim is to prevent enough citizens from getting free speech to topple your regime, then you can succeed. For a start, people can't access the Internet using just brainwaves. They need a computer connected to a wired or wireless phone line. Stopping someone getting access to that, and you stop their Internet. Most countries ruled by authoritarian regimes are poor and have low telephone penetration. There are fewer than nine phone lines per thousand people in China, and three in Vietnam. It is pretty obvious that unlike people in democratic nations, few Vietnamese or Chinese can walk into their study room and log on. Some office workers might have access at work, but someone will likely walk past as they are surfing. The majority of the population must go to Internet cafà ©s. It was at an Internet cafà © in Hanoi that Vietnamese Internet dissident Le Chi Quang was caught by the secret police in February 2002, after the state-owned Internet backbone company FTP spotted Quang, who had posted an article criticising Hanoi's secret donating of land near the border to appease the Chinese regime. In June that year, the regime told all Internet cafà © owners to report on customers accessing blocked sites. The same thing happened in the South. In Saigon in March 2003, democracy activist Dr Nguyen Dan Que, a Nobel Peace Prize nominee, was caught, again at an Internet cafà ©. Both Quang and Que are presently in prison. Even if every household had a telephone and everyone had a computer, free speech could still be blocked. Because the Internet backbones in these countries are controlled by the Communist Parties, it is quite easy for them to block sites. As the Net's secret police put on more and more filters, Net-literate dissidents find more and more ways to work around them. But as all this goes on, it gets harder and harder for less Net-literate people to play the game. The effect, then, is that only a small minority of the population can get around the authorities. And revolutions cannot be started and maintained by small minorities. For democracy to be built up in these countries, millions of their ordinary citizens must be able to be exposed in their daily life to concepts of democracy and freedom. Internet and Politics - Despotic Regimes and Internet Censorship :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers The Internet is impossible to censor, right? Not if you are a despotic regime throwing all your resources into it. You won't stop everyone and everything, but if the aim is to prevent enough citizens from getting free speech to topple your regime, then you can succeed. For a start, people can't access the Internet using just brainwaves. They need a computer connected to a wired or wireless phone line. Stopping someone getting access to that, and you stop their Internet. Most countries ruled by authoritarian regimes are poor and have low telephone penetration. There are fewer than nine phone lines per thousand people in China, and three in Vietnam. It is pretty obvious that unlike people in democratic nations, few Vietnamese or Chinese can walk into their study room and log on. Some office workers might have access at work, but someone will likely walk past as they are surfing. The majority of the population must go to Internet cafà ©s. It was at an Internet cafà © in Hanoi that Vietnamese Internet dissident Le Chi Quang was caught by the secret police in February 2002, after the state-owned Internet backbone company FTP spotted Quang, who had posted an article criticising Hanoi's secret donating of land near the border to appease the Chinese regime. In June that year, the regime told all Internet cafà © owners to report on customers accessing blocked sites. The same thing happened in the South. In Saigon in March 2003, democracy activist Dr Nguyen Dan Que, a Nobel Peace Prize nominee, was caught, again at an Internet cafà ©. Both Quang and Que are presently in prison. Even if every household had a telephone and everyone had a computer, free speech could still be blocked. Because the Internet backbones in these countries are controlled by the Communist Parties, it is quite easy for them to block sites. As the Net's secret police put on more and more filters, Net-literate dissidents find more and more ways to work around them. But as all this goes on, it gets harder and harder for less Net-literate people to play the game. The effect, then, is that only a small minority of the population can get around the authorities. And revolutions cannot be started and maintained by small minorities. For democracy to be built up in these countries, millions of their ordinary citizens must be able to be exposed in their daily life to concepts of democracy and freedom.

Educational orientation Essay

According to the journal for American association for counseling and development (2008) and Zweigenhaff and Domhoff (2003) the African Americans value very much education and are ready to make sacrifices to achieve the education qualifications. Though they have that desire and willingness to have a good education background they are faced with a number of challenges that affect their performance in school. According to Rovai et al (2007) African American students as compared to the other students have lower performance standards and this is raising concern because this area has not been given much consideration to determine what could be the actual reasons behind their low grades. Lincoln et al (1990) and Henderson and Sumler (1999) discusses some of the reasons why these students do not perform well as others as to include difficulties to integrate and accept the various people from different cultural backgrounds they encounter in school and where they live. The hip hop culture is also said to contribute to the low grades because more of this students have indulged themselves in weird lifestyles that cannot allow them to have enough time with their studies. As argued in Cross (2005) and Wayne (2005) most of the African American students come from average family background and when they go to school with the white American they are seen by the fellow white students as being inferior which psychologically will affect them in their education as they find that they are discriminated. This creates a gap between them that and limits the way they will associate with the others and their presence in the school is threatened. The other reasons for their low grade as discussed in smiley (2006) include the poverty that they live in that makes them struggle to meet their basic needs and making them lose enough concentration to the education and even at times dropping out of school to try life elsewhere. The other reasons according to Obiakor (2002) and Ashe (2002) leading to low academic performance among the African Americans include the way they select the schools that they go to which might have low standards, having different curriculums that may not cover all the necessary topics and choosing areas of study that they are not competent in and also some of the teaching staff may not be giving them support because they tend to display behavior that show no much concern to their education. How to address the problem. Ogbu (2003) and Wright et al (2001) suggests that the teachers and the schools have a responsibility to encourage and support all the students they have under their care to perform well. He also argues that this will be done by helping the students to change the various negative attitudes they have towards their teachers, other students and the education materials like books. Obiakor et al (2002) suggests that the learning environment needs to be made conducive for all the students so that nobody feels threatened by the other because it will help the students settle in their education. As argued by Allen et al (1998) and Wayne (2005) the parents and guardians are encouraged to give moral support to the students and they should encourage them to develop interest in the religion as it offers psychological support. References A. P. Rovai, Louis B. Gallien, & Helen R. Stiff (2007): Closing the African American achievement gap in higher education. National association for college admission counseling. Retrievedonline http://www. nacacnet. org/PUBLICATIONSRESOURCES/BOOKREVIEWS Alex B. Henderson, Janice Sumler (1999). Freedom’s odyssey Clark Atlanta university press. Allen K, Stelzer, P & Wielkiewicz, M (1998). The ecology of leadership: adapting to challenges of a changing world. The journal of leadership. Bertram D. Ashe (2002). From within the frame. Routledge publishers Charles E. Lincoln, Lawrence H. Mamiya (1990). The black church in the African American experience. Duke university press. Cross T. (2005). The persisting racial gap in college student graduation rates. The journal of higher education. Festus E. Obiakor, Bridgie Alexis ford (2002). Creating successful learning environments for African American learners with exceptionalities. Corwin press Faye Z. Belgrave, KevinW. Allison (2005). African American psychology. Sage publishers. .J. Hale (2001). Learning while black. JHU publishers. Journal of counseling and development by American association for counseling and development vol 79 2008. Ogbu J (2003). Black American students in an affluent suburb: a study of academic disengagement. Lawrence Erlbaum publishers New Jersey. Tavis Smiley (2006): The covenant with black America. Third world press. W. Wayne (2005). African Americans and the color line in Ohio. Ohio university press. R. Zweigenhaft, G. Domhoff (2003). Blacks in the white elite. Rowman and Littlefield. Richard Wright, A. Chapman, Malcolm (2001). Black voices. Signet classic publishers